The Crown Rule (1858–1947)

Covers the period of direct British rule after the 1857 revolt, including the Government of India Acts and gradual constitutional reforms leading to independence.

The Company Rule (1773–1858)

Examines the period when the East India Company administered parts of India, exploring early constitutional developments like the Regulating Act and Charter Acts.

Making of the Constitution - Part 2

Explores Experts Committee of the Congress, Criticism of the Constituent Assembly, Important Facts, Hindi Text of the Constitution

Making of the Constitution - Part 1

Explores Demand for a Constituent Assembly, Composition of the Constituent Assembly, Working of the Constituent Assembly, Committees of the Constituent Assembly, Enactment of the Constitution, Enforcement of the Constitution

Salient Features of the Constitution

Identifies and explains the distinctive characteristics that define India's constitution, such as its length, blend of rigidity and flexibility, and unique provisions.

Criticism of the Constitution

Examines various criticisms of the constitution's structure, borrowed elements, and practical implementation.

Evolution of States and Union Territories

Traces the historical development of India's states and territories from independence to present day.

Union and its Territory

Explores Union of States, Parliament's Power to Reorganise the States, Exchange of Territories with Bangladesh

Preamble of the Constitution - Part 1

Explores Text of the Preamble, Ingredients of the Preamble, Key Words in the Preamble

Preamble of the Constitution - Part 2

Explores Significance of the Preamble, Preamble as Part of the Constitution, Amendability of the Preamble

Right to Freedom of Religion

Details the constitutional guarantees for religious freedom and secularism.

Laws Inconsistent with Fundamental Rights

Discusses the constitutional treatment of laws that contradict fundamental rights.

Single Citizenship & Overseas Citizenship of India

Discusses India's unitary citizenship system unlike federal models with dual citizenship & provisions for people of Indian origin living abroad.

Constitutional Provisions & Citizenship Act 1955

Explores the concept, significance, Constitutional Provisions & Citizenship Act, 1955

Conflict Between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles

Examines tensions between enforceable rights and non-justiciable principles and their judicial interpretation.

Criticism & Utility of the Directive Principles

Addresses critiques of the directive principles' non-justiciable nature and implementation challenges.

Merits & Demerits of the Parliamentary System

Discusses the advantages & disadvantages of the parliamentary form of government.

Reasons for Adopting Parliamentary System

Explores why India's constitution-makers chose a parliamentary over a presidential system.

List, Features, Criticism & Significance of Fundamental Duties

Citizens must uphold fundamental duties; non-enforceable civic obligations balance rights despite critiques of their implementation.RetryClaude can make mistakes. Please double-check responses.

Verma Committee Observations

Discusses the judicial committee's findings on implementing fundamental duties.

Basic Structure of the Constitution

Explores the judicial Emergence & Elements of the basic structure doctrine, particularly through the Kesavananda Bharati case.

Amendment of the Constitution

Explains the constitutional process, types, criticism for amending different provisions of the constitution.

Critical Evaluation of the Federal System

Assesses the strengths and weaknesses of India's "quasi-federal" arrangement.

Federal & Unitary Features of the Constitution

Identifies the characteristics that make India's system federal & unitary in nature.

Legislative Relations - Centre–State

Examines how legislative powers are distributed between the central and state governments.

Financial Relations - Centre–State

Discusses fiscal federalism and the division of financial powers between center and states.

Public Acts, Records and Judicial Proceedings

Explores how official acts and judicial decisions in one state are recognized in others.

Inter-State Relations, Councils & Water Disputes

Examines constitutional provisions for resolving water sharing conflicts between states.

Financial Emergency & Criticism of the Emergency Provisions

Examines provisions for addressing severe economic crises threatening financial stability.

National Emergency

Discusses provisions for declaring emergencies due to war, external aggression, or armed rebellion.

Veto Power of the President

Explores the president's authority to withhold assent to legislation.

Qualifications, Oath and Conditions

Outlines eligibility criteria, oath of office, and terms of service for the president.

Oath, Term and Salary of Prime Minister

Outlines the oath of office, term limits, and compensation for the prime minister.

Powers, Functions & Role Descriptions of PM

Examines the extensive executive authority wielded by the prime minister.

Indian and American Vice-Presidents Compared

Contrasts the Indian vice-presidency with the American equivalent.

Vice-President's Election

Describes the process for electing India's vice-president.

Nature of Advice & Appointment of Ministers

Discusses how ministerial advice functions in the executive process & Describes the process for selecting and appointing ministers.

Oath and Salary of Ministers

Covers the swearing-in process and compensation for ministers.

Functions of Cabinet Committees

Discusses the roles and responsibilities of different cabinet committees.

Features & List of Cabinet Committees

Outlines the characteristics and operational aspects of specialized cabinet subgroups.

Membership of Parliament

Outlines qualifications, disqualifications, and privileges of parliament members.

Duration of Two Houses

Discusses the term limits and dissolution procedures for both houses.

Parliamentary Committees Meaning & Classification

Defines the nature and purpose of parliamentary committees.

Committees to Inquire, Scrutinise and Control

Discusses committees formed to investigate specific issues or concerns & Explores committees that monitor and evaluate government actions.

Rationale & Composition of the Parliamentary Group

Explains the purpose and need for India's parliamentary group.

Objectives & Functions of the Group

Outlines the aims and goals of the parliamentary group.

Establishment of the Parliamentary Forums

Describes the creation and development of specialized parliamentary discussion groups.

Objectives, Composition & Functions of the Forums

Outlines the aims and purposes of parliamentary forums.

Supreme Court's Acting, Adhoc and Retired Judges

Explores provisions for temporary and specialized judicial appointments.

Supreme Court's Tenure and Removal

Discusses term limits and the impeachment process for Supreme Court judges.

Judicial Review of the Ninth Schedule

Discusses the special case of reviewing laws placed in the Ninth Schedule.

Meaning of Judicial Review

Defines the concept of courts examining legislative and executive acts for constitutionality.

Activators & Apprehensions of Judicial Activism

Discusses factors that trigger increased judicial intervention.

Justification of Judicial Activism

Explores arguments supporting courts' expanded role in governance.

Meaning & Features of Public Interest Litigation (PIL)

Defines the concept of legal action taken for broader public benefit.

Scope of PIL

Examines the types of issues addressed through public interest litigation.

Appointment of Chief Minister

Describes the process by which the governor appoints the chief minister.

CM's Relationship with the Governor

Explores the constitutional dynamics between chief ministers and governors.

Constitutional Provisions

Outlines the constitutional framework for state ministerial councils.

Nature of Advice & Appointment of Ministers

Discusses how ministerial advice functions in state executive processes.

Constitutional Position of Governor

Explores the governor's dual role as state head and central representative.

Powers and Functions of Governor

Examines the executive, legislative, judicial, and discretionary powers of governors.

Membership of State Legislature

Outlines qualifications and disqualifications for state legislators.

Presiding Officers of State Legislature

Examines the roles of speakers and chairpersons in state legislatures.

Tribunals for Other Matters

Discusses specialized tribunals for areas like taxation, labor, and environmental issues.

Administrative Tribunals

Examines specialized bodies established to handle administrative disputes.

National Legal Services Authority

Discusses the organization responsible for providing free legal services.

Constitutional Provisions, Structure and Jurisdiction

Outlines the constitutional framework for lower courts.

High Court's Qualifications, Oath and Salaries

Outlines eligibility criteria, oath of office, and compensation for High Court judges.

High Court's Tenure, Removal and Transfer

Discusses term limits, impeachment process, and relocation of High Court judges.

Provisions for Sikkim, Mizoram & Arunachal Pradesh

Examines constitutional accommodations for this former kingdom after its integration.

Provisions for Maharashtra and Gujarat

Discusses constitutional accommodations for these western states.

Evolution of Panchayati Raj

Traces the development of village self-governance from traditional to constitutional systems.

PESA Act of 1996 (Extension Act)

Explores the extension of panchayat provisions to scheduled and tribal areas.

Evolution of Urban Bodies in Municipalities

Traces the development of urban governance from colonial to contemporary times.

Types of Urban Governments

Describes different categories of municipal governance based on population and other factors.

Administration of Scheduled Areas

Discusses governance arrangements for areas with significant scheduled caste populations.

Administration of Tribal Areas

Explores special administrative provisions for regions with tribal communities.

Powers and Functions of Election Commission

Examines the commission's authority in managing and overseeing elections.

Composition & Independence of Election Commission

Describes the structure and membership of India's electoral management body.

Administration of Union Territories

Discusses governance mechanisms for areas not part of any state.

Special Provisions for Delhi

Examines Delhi's unique status as a union territory with legislative assembly.

Composition, Working & Function of GST

Discusses the membership structure representing central and state interests.

Establishment, Vision and Mission of GST

Describes the creation of the GST Council following constitutional amendment.

Composition, Removal & Independence of UPSC

Describes the structure and membership of the central civil service recruitment body.

Functions, Limitations & Role of UPSC

Explores the commission's role in civil service recruitment and administration.

Functions, Limitations, Role of SPSC

Explores the commissions' role in state-level civil service recruitment.

Composition, Removal, Independence of SPSC

Describes the structure and membership of state-level civil service recruitment bodies.

Composition, Functions & Advisory Role of Finance Commission

Describes the structure and membership of the body that recommends financial distributions.

Powers of the Commission

Examines the commission's investigative and advisory authorities.

Evolution, Function & Report of the Commission

Traces the development of institutional protection for scheduled castes.

Other Functions, Report & Powers of the Commission

Discusses additional responsibilities beyond core protection mandates.

Separate & Functions Commission for STs

Describes the establishment of a dedicated commission for tribal communities.

CAG, Corporations & Criticism

Discusses the CAG's relationship with public sector enterprises.

Duties, Powers, Roles of CAG

Examines the CAG's authority in auditing government accounts.

Establishment & Function of the BC Commission

Describes the creation of a commission for backward classes.

Report & Powers of BC Commission

Discusses the commission's reporting requirements and impact.

Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities

Explores constitutional safeguards for linguistic minorities through Article 350B, examining the Commissioner's appointment, investigative authority, and reporting mechanisms. Covers the office's vision to protect minority language rights, its mission to preserve cultural diversity, and its key functions including monitoring implementation of safeguards and addressing grievances to ensure equitable language policies across India.

Advocate General of the State Complete Note

Describes the selection process and tenure for state-level chief legal advisors.

Attorney General of India Complete Note

Explores the appointment, tenure, and constitutional position of India's top legal officer. Examines the AGI's key duties representing government in Supreme Court, providing legal counsel, with rights to address Parliament alongside practice limitations. Includes the complementary role of the Solicitor General within India's legal system.RetryClaude can make mistakes. Please double-check responses.

Solicitor General of India

Examines the role of the deputy to the Attorney General.

Specialised Wings, Objectives, Functions, Guiding Principles

Explores the specialized divisions within NITI Aayog.

Cooperative Federalism, Criticism, Attached Offices

Discusses NITI Aayog's emphasis on collaborative center-state relations.

Working, Role & Function of the NHRC

Discusses the commission's operational procedures and methods.

Establishment, Composition & Functions of the NHRC

Describes the creation of India's human rights watchdog.

Composition, Functions & Function of the SHRC

Outlines the membership structure of state-level rights bodies.

Human Rights Courts & 2019 Amendment Act

Examines specialized courts established to address human rights violations.

Functions, Jurisdiction & Working of CVC

Explores the commission's role in preventing and investigating corruption.

Establishment, Composition & Organisation of CVC

Describes the creation of India's anti-corruption watchdog.

Powers and Functions of CIC

Examines the commission's authority in enforcing right to information.

Composition, Tenure and Service Conditions of CIC

Describes the structure and membership of the RTI appellate body.

State Information Commission Full Note

Describes the structure and membership of state-level RTI appellate bodies.

RTI Amendment Act, 2019

Discusses recent legal changes affecting information commissions.

An Empire across Three Continents

Roman Empire, expansion, administration, culture

Writing and City Life

Early civilizations, invention of writing, urban life in Mesopotamia

The Three Orders

European feudalism, Church, peasants, feudal lords

Changing Cultural Traditions

Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, Scientific Revolution

Paths to Modernization

Meiji Restoration in Japan, modernization process

Displacing Indigenous Peoples

Colonization of Australia, impact on Aboriginal people

Bhakti-Sufi Traditions

Religious movements, Bhakti saints, Sufi traditions

An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara

Vijayanagara Empire, architecture, administration, decline

Bricks, Beads and Bones

Harappan Civilization, urban planning, trade, decline

Through the Eyes of Travellers

Foreign travellers' accounts, cultural exchanges

Framing the Constitution

Constituent Assembly, debates, fundamental rights

Colonialism and the Countryside

British land policies, impact on agriculture, peasant movements

Legislature

Parliament structure, functions, law-making process

Rights in the Indian Constitution

Fundamental rights, directive principles, fundamental duties

Equality

Dimensions of equality, affirmative action

Freedom

Concept, types, constraints on freedom

The End of Bipolarity

Collapse of Soviet Union, consequences

US Hegemony in World Politics

American dominance, challenges to hegemony

Regional Aspirations

Regionalism, federal restructuring

Rise of Popular Movements

Environmental, women's, farmers' movements

Measures of Central Tendency

Mean, median, mode

Correlation

Karl Pearson coefficient, Spearman's rank correlation

Infrastructure

Transport, communication, energy, health

Development Experience (1947-90)

Economic policies before and after 1991

Introduction to Economics

Nature and scope of economics

Production and Costs

Production function, cost functions

Introduction to Macroeconomics

Scope, importance, limitations

Government Budget and the Economy

Budget components, fiscal policy

Political Parties

Discusses role of parties in democracies, India's party system and needed reforms.

Outcomes of Democracy

Evaluates democratic governance on growth, equality, dignity and diversity accommodation criteria.

Globalisation and the Indian Economy

Analyzes international economic integration and its impact on India.

Development

Explores different perspectives and indicators of development beyond income.

Forest and Wildlife Resources

Covers forest types, conservation efforts and wildlife protection in India.

Water Resources

Analyzes freshwater availability, multipurpose projects and water conservation strategies.

Nationalism in India

Examines growth of Indian nationalism and diverse paths to independence movement.

Print Culture and the Modern World

Covers printing technology's evolution and impact on knowledge dissemination worldwide.

Socialism in Europe and Russian Revolution

Explores socialist ideas and movements in Europe during industrialization period.

Forest Society and Colonialism

Covers colonial impact on forest societies and their resistance movements.

Physical Features of India

Explains formation and characteristics of India's mountains, plains, plateaus and coasts.

Drainage

Discusses river systems, watersheds and water conservation issues in India.

What is Democracy? Why Democracy?

Explores democratic principles, systems and their advantages over other forms.

Electoral Politics

Explains election process, voting systems and electoral reforms in India.

People as Resource

Discusses human capital, education, health and their role in development.

Poverty as a Challenge

Examines causes, dimensions and anti-poverty programs in India and globally.

From Trade to Territory

Examines East India Company's transformation from traders to territorial rulers.

How, When and Where

Explores historical sources, time periods and colonial record-keeping methods.

Agriculture

Discusses farming types, cropping patterns and agricultural development issues.

Industries

Explores industrial types, factors affecting location and environmental impacts.

Understanding Marginalisation

Analyzes social exclusion of minority groups and their challenges.

Parliament

Examines structure, functions and lawmaking process of Indian parliament.